Tuesday, April 24, 2012

Radio Asia 2012 Conference


 
This year the Radio Asia Conference (RAC) themed, "Connect Me to the World" will be held from 7-9 May 2012, at Crowne Plaza Hotel & Resorts, Jakarta, Indonesia. The conference is co-organized by AMIC, Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union (ABU) and Singapore Exhibition Services (SES).
The conference will address current pressing issues facing the resurgent radio broadcasting industry in Indonesia and in the region. It brings together leading radio media practitioners, communication specialists, policy makers, and academics from across the Asia-Pacific and beyond. Eminent speakers, specializing in various aspects of radio and communications, will share their perspectives.

RadioAsia is the only international radio programming event of its kind in the region. Over the years, this annual gathering of industry players has attracted a great deal of attention from radio broadcasters and other players in the radio industry across the world. 


CONFERENCE OVERVIEW
Radio is everywhere. In cars, stores, the workplace, online- no matter where you turn you hear content that is being broadcast on FM waves. Why does this technology exist anymore? With mp3 players and the Internet, people can hear whatever they want, can’t they? Actually they can’t. Radio offers so much more than just music. Radio connects people.
Radio is special because it fills a basic human need. Knowing that there is a DJ on the other end of the spectrum, sending you signals- there’s something very comforting about it and radio offers you variety. Even someone stranded on a desert island would feel more connected if they could hear a broadcast.
Radio and online are both perceived as providing connection with people’s social communities but on different levels. Online operates more within people’s immediate social network, allowing them to stay in touch with friends and highly defined communities of interest (My World). Radio connects people with their wider network e.g. their local community or broader community of interest (My Wider World).


Young people have a lot to think about, but not enough outlets to speak about their challenges, to voice their concerns, or to share their triumphs and strategies for success. They need the opportunity to tell their own stories and to learn from the stories of others. Radio production and broadcasts provide such a space. Radio connects young people to each other. It has the power to inform, educate, entertain, and to inspire a generation of future leaders. It is easy to forget that often low-tech methods of communication can have a much greater reach and impact than the high-tech communications methods of the digital era. Less affluent or remotely located men and women or those in island countries simply do not have access to all the technologies that allow them access to global information, something that city dwellers take for granted.
Community radio is an excellent case in point. It can be accessible to far more people, the technology needed is far more cost-effective and widely available to the community than a 3G phone or a laptop connected to broadband. Radio can be a direct link for men and women to share information with others in their own communities. It can also help them build bridges to connect with those in other communities.
At the same time, there is a change happening to our radio. Digital radio provides many possibilities for new content applications together with a host of data based services and even graphics and still pictures – visual radio. And content is still the key driver for the success of digital broadcasting. This is applicable particularly to digital radio.  Content for digital radio can be quite different from the type of content that is broadcast on analogue radio.
Radio is getting more connected to the rest of the world. That FM radio in the mobile phone could connect to the internet to discover more about what it’s listening to. In short, there are a lot of radio sets hidden within connected devices.

20th AMIC Annual Conference

20th AMIC Annual Conference 2011

From 24-06-2011 to 28-06-2011 (India) 

Day 3 - Sunday, 26 June 2011


  • Hotel Taj Krishna
    Hyderabad
    India

Parallel Session H6
AMIC–UNESCO PSB Colloquium
Public Service Broadcasting as an Education Media in South Asia: Opportunities, Programming Constraints and Future Directions
(Golden Room)
Chair: Kalinga Seneviratne, AMIC, Singapore
Special Response: Andrew Taussig, International Institute of Communication, UK

• Mahafuza Aktar, Bangladesh TV, Chittagong
• Mohamed Shaheeb, Maldives Broadcasting Corporation, Maldives
• Thilina Samarasooriya, SLBC Training Institute, Sri Lanka

Closing of the colloquium
End of Day 3

Radio Ceylon Frequencies

Came across it in a film magazine from 1970s.

HISTORY OF BROADCASTING IN SRI LANKA

HISTORY OF BROADCASTING IN SRI LANKA

by Rukmin Wijemanna

http://hamaraforums.com/uploads/post-86-1249300461.jpg



On the 12th Dec 1901, Guglielmo Marconi transmitted three dots of the Morse code across the
Atlantic, opening up the world of communications that it is today. With this epoch making
event wireless communications using Morse code became quite common until 1908 when H J
Round of Wireless Telegraph Company (founded by Guglielmo Marconi) was able to
transmit speech over a distance of 50 miles. Quality of voice transmission was improved when
in 1913 the triode was developed.

In Britain the first advertised program by Dame Nillie Melba was broadcast on the 15th Jan
1920. In 1922 Wireless Telegraph Co. (later to be called Marconi Company) was allowed by
the PMG to operate a broadcast transmitter, limited to 250 watts

Three countries commenced regular radio broadcasting three years after Britain which began
in 1922. These countries were Japan, Peru and Ceylon. A 250 watt transmitter was built by a
few engineers in the then Central Telegraph Office making use of some components from ship
to shore radio apparatus. The engineers who were responsible were Messrs E Harper, A
Nadarasa, W E de Silva and B Wijetilleke. Music from a gramophone was transmitted by
placing a microphone in front of it and this took place in the CTO building

When it comes to the history of broadcasting, Ceylon plays a very important role alongside the
United States of America, Great Britain and Germany. Edward Harper who came to Ceylon as
Chief Engineer of the Telegraph Office in 1921, was the first person to actively promote
broadcasting in Ceylon

On Feb 22nd 1924 the first relay from an outside venue took place. The event was a musical
show held at the YMCA premises in Fort, on the occasion of the opening of its new building
and auditorium. Operating on 800 meters, the transmission was demonstrated as an
experiment. On the 27th June the Speeches of H E the Governor and the President of the
Engineering Association of Ceylon were broadcast at the annual general meeting.
Gramophone music, news etc were then transmitted from time to time, about two or three
times a week, and on the 16th of Dec 1925 a regular broadcast service , on a new transmitter
was inaugurated by the Governor in a special broadcast. the station was called Colombo
Radio with the call sign 'Colombo Calling.'

This was confirmed in the report of the Special Committee on Broadcasting in Ceylon 1941
issued as a sessional paper in 1941 in which it was stated “..... Ceylon is the first of the Crown
colonies to provide a broadcasting service.......”.

Harper also founded the Ceylon Wireless Club together with British and Ceylonese radio
enthusiasts in the city of Colombo. These were exciting times where radio in South Asia
was concerned. Many regard Edward Harper as 'the Father of Broadcasting in Ceylon.'

In 1926 a studio was opened at the University College to improve sound quality and “ comfort
of the artistes. On the 11th Nov 1927, the address of the Prince of Wales at the Albert hall
Memorial Festival, was relayed for the first time. Although there were fading and the received
signal was weak, audience reaction was very encouraging

By Dec 1927, the broadcasting equipment was shifted to the Torrington Square, carrying
every item connected with broadcasting under one roof. April 1928 marked the first “bana”
(Buddhist serman) broadcast in April and to date it remains a regular feature. In May 1928,
the Radio Club of Ceylon and South India ( former Colombo Radio Society) appealed for
funds to provide receiving sets to the various hospitals and other charitable institutions in
Ceylon. The Colombo Radio Society was founded in 1922 and was renamed the Radio Club of
Ceylon and South India in 1923. The following were Founder members, Messrs L Mackey,
M S Rockwood, C A Hudson, E J Holsinger, R F Dias and J S Dinwid

.

A 2kW medium wave transmitter was introduced in 1930 and in 1937 a 5 kW designed by a
Sri Lankan engineer, Mr Nadarasa, and a transmission room was declared open on the 6th
June by Major J L Kotalawela, Minister of Transport and Works.

1940 - The appointment of a Special Commission with Sir Kandiah Vaithianathan, as
chairman, to report on all aspects of broadcasting.
The number of licences in Ceylon reached 10,000

When the World War II commenced, the broadcasting station at the Torrington Square had
to be shifted to “The Bower”- a private house on Cota Road on the 3rd Sept 1942, since the
Royal Airforce moved into the Race Course, which had been converted to an air-strip.

During World War II the radio station operations were taken over by the allied forces who
operated Radio SEAC from Colombo. The station was handed over to the Government of
Ceylon after World War II.

Wartime Radio in Ceylon

Lord Louis Mountbatten moved the RADIO SEAC operations from New Delhi first to
Kandy and then to Colombo during World War II. This was Ceylon's first ever wartime
radio station and it played a vital role from 1944 - 1946.

Radio SEAC played a vital role during World War II broadcasting for 18-20 hours on the
19 meter band at 15.120 mhz. A powerful shortwave transmitter was set up in Ekala, the
announcers operated from the studios in Colombo.

.

The construction of the present building at the Torrington Square commenced in 1947 and
was completed in 1949., With a studio complex of ten studios including an auditorium and three

production studios and three Continuity studios for English, Sinhala and Tamil built by the
renowned British architect Wynn Jones.
All ten studios were equipped with Marconi consoles which really stood the test of time till the
1990’s. The testimony that the acoustics of these studios are to this day within acceptable limits
shows the high standard of engineering of that era.

The South East Asia Command radio station in Ceylon was transferred to the Govt of
Ceylon, which included a 7 1/2kW and a 100kW transmitters at Ekala. Construction of this
station started in 1941 and was commissioned in 1943/4 with a 100kW Marconi transmitter
which is still in use This transmitting station was used by the forces to broadcast to SE Asia
through a studio set up at 191, Turret Road. After the broadcasting station came under the purview
of the Dept Of Broadcasting, the station was shifted to the Torrington Square on the 1st Jan 1950. In
the same year the commercial broadcasting service, under Mr Clifford Dodd was inaugurated.
Radio licenses grew to 20,000. Broadcasting in three languages was also started in 1950 under the
Director Generalship of Mr John Lampson, the first Head of the new Dept. Mr.Fletcher was the
first chief Engineer of Radio Ceylon

It was the second of two transmitters that were shipped to Ceylon during the war.The first
shipment was sunk by a German torpedo off the coast and now lies beneath the Indian
ocean. Radio SEAC
( South east asia command) continued till 1949 when it was taken over by Radio Ceylon.
The number of licenses had reached 27,000.

On the 5th Aug 1952, the first Sri Lankan Director General , Mr M J Perera, the present Chairman
of SLRC Sri Lanka Rupavahini [TV] Corporation) was appointed and the Chief Engineer at the
time was Mr N S Wickramasinghe. The Engineers and Technical officers of Radio Ceylon
comprised mostly those of Radio SEAC seconded for service at Radio Ceylon. To name a few:
Mr.R.E.H.Perera, Mr.L.E.Tillekeratna,Mr.Freddie Gomez,Mr. Noel Goonesekera,
Mr.A.F.M.Perera, Mr.K.M.C.Jayawardana,Mr.Tudor Perera,Mr.Gerald Holsinger, Mr.Block,
and Mr.C.deSilva.

The Voice of America Receiving station was commissioned in 1955 at Seeduwa, though the
transmitting facility was in use from the 15th April 1953

The Medium wave transmission of Radio Ceylon was from the telecommunication facility at
Welikade on using a 10Kw transmitters

A new transmitting station was commissioned in 1959 at Diyagama which still transmits on
medium wave to the western province and Installation at Torrington square of six AWA, FM
transmitters each having a output power of 100 watts as a pilot FM (mono) project for the city of
Colombo, and as a programme feed to Ekala and Diyagama transmitting stations replacing the
underground cable. Another in Kandy in 1960 on an experimental basis.

1964- A Training school for Technical and Programme staff was established at Torrington
square premises with aid given by the British Council. Mr. John Hunt was in charge of the
technical section and Mr. Stuart Wavell in charge of the programme Section.

In 1965 an experimental station was installed in Anuradhapura. VHF was introduced in 1962 as a
program link between studio center in Colombo and the transmitting stations at Ekala and

Diyagama.

On the 4th Jan 1962, the technical staff in the Dept of Broadcasting ( Radio Ceylon) created
history by being the first in a broadcasting station to go on strike. They went on strike in
sympathy with the harbour workers and it continued for a month until 8 engineers who were
arrested for alleged sabotage were released.

1965- A VHF relay station was established at Uda Radella by Mr.David Buell who was
Engineer Transmitters. Programmes were received from Colombo on VHF

The Hulugalle commission report in 1965 recommended that the Dept of Broadcasting be
made a corporation and in 1966 the relevant Act was approved in Parliament. On the 5th Jan
1967 Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation, as it is known today was formed, with Mr Neville
Jayaweera as the first Chairman and the Director General of the corporation. MR.
N.S.Wickkramasinghe was the 1st chief engineer. When Sri Lanka became a republic in 1972
the station underwent yet another name change as the Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation
(SLBC)

1968 –Under phase one of a West German aid programme, Regional Transmitting stations on
Medium wave were set up at Weeraketiya , Maho, Ambewela, Kantale and Mandathivu. to
enable a broader segment of the population to receive clear reception.

1969- Under phase one of a West German aid programme, Regional Transmitting stations on
Medium wave were set up at Weeraketiya , Maho, Ambewela, Kantale and Mandathivu. to
enable a broader segment of the population to receive clear reception.
1969-Phase two and three of the above project covered Ampara,Mahiyangana, Ratnapura and
Kandy.
.

1969- FM transmitting station constructed at Ensalwatte ,Deniyaya under the West German aid
programme and made operational to feed Weeraketiya MW transmitting station. Programmes
received from Colombo via Uda Radella

Transmitters broadcasting programmes in English, Sinhala and Tamil languages and were heard
throughout out Sri Lanka till the advent island wide FM broadcasting in the late 1970’s which to
a great extent replaced MW broadcasting for convenience and quality. The programme feed to
these regional transmitters was very conveniently relayed from the UDA Radella transmitting
facility. It also became a linking and relay point for outside broadcasts from various parts of the
country.

A training Institute headed by Mr Stuwart Wavell (from the BBC) was inaugurated in 1970, where
training classes for program and technical staff were held. That being the first time organised
training was conducted in broadcasting in Sri Lanka.

The period 1971- 1977 witnessed the following developments and the appointment of Mr D Buell
as the Director Engineering who first joined Radio Ceylon as a technical assistant in 1948.

1971 Mr. Lal Herath who was from the OTS , joined SLBC and was appointed Superintending
Engineer Transmitters, while Mr.R.E.H.Perera was appointed Superintending Engineer Studios.

1975- An experimental FM Stereo broadcast to cover the Colombo district in addition to the pilot
project for the city was initiated by Mr. David Buell from the VHF room in Colombo. Fm
receivers were few at that time but nevertheless reception reports received were many. On the
basis of these reports two 1Kw transmitters were installed at Colombo and Radella to provide a
FM service to Colombo and the Central province as a pilot project

A Micro wave transmission to relay programmes to the Ekala SW station and Diyagama MW
station was inaugurated in preparation for the non aligned conference that was to follow.

1975- A regional MW station called Rajarata Sevaya was inaugurated receiving its programmes
via Uda Radella. Later it was upgraded to a full fledge FM broadcast station with studios in the
1980’s.

After 1977 there were several advancements in broadcasting. Regional studios were setup at
Matara, Kandy and Jaffna, to promote more public participation and to produce more programs of
regional relevance

1978 - A feasibility survey was initiated by the government and the Japanese government,
through SLBC to study the possibility of introducing an all island TV project. The study was a
success and the Japanese government offered Sri Lanka a National TV station. Mr.David Buell
(DDGE) was in charge

In Dec 1978, conducted experimental broadcasting in FM Stereo with some modified equipment.
The response from the listeners was so encouraging the SLBC decided to purchase the necessary
equipment for a regular stereo broadcast and in 1984 this service was inaugurated

Phase III ( the last of the medium wave expansion projects) which included transmitters at Kantalai,
Mahiyangana, Ambewela and Ratnapura). An additional VHF transmitter at Karagahathenna
1979- while on a FS survey at Pidurutalagala Mr Buell fell ill and passed away.As Mr. Lal
Herath S.E. was on no pay leave on an assignment in the UAE, Mr.Rukmin Wijemanne was
appointed as DDGE to fill the void created by the demise of Mr. Buell.

1981- Ruhunu Sevaya of SLBC inaugurated at Matara
1981- Mr.Rukmin Wijemanne moved over to the National TV and Mr. Palman was appointed
DDGE.

1983- A Mahaweli Community Radio with the auspices of the Danish Government was
inaugurated at Girundarakotte, Mahaillupalama and later at Kotmale to educate the farmers on
modern cultivation methods to obtain higher yields. The head office was in Kandy.

Deuteschwelle (Radio Germany) in the mean time negotiated with the Sri Lanka Govt. to set up a
regional relay station in Sri Lanka. The proposal was approved and the work commenced in

Nilaweli, Trincomalee. The site was an old building which the BBC built for a transmitting station
during the war and abandoned. The phase I of this project included two 300 kW, a 250 kW short
wave transmitters and a 600 kW medium wave transmitter.

1983- A Regional station “Mahanuwara Sevaya” complete with studios was established in
Kandy

1983- Also saw the foundation being laid for another FM station to cover the North Central
Province and the Eastern Province at Karagahatenne in the Matale district.

1984- Mr.Lionel Pinto was appointed as DDGE
1986- Karagahatenne FM Transmitting station made operational using 1KW transmitters.

1990- A 2Kw. FM transmitter and a studio was established within the precincts of the army
camp at Palaly to provide music and news to the residents of Jaffna and to the service personal in
the peninsula. Messer’s Upali Jayasinhe and Tilak Ranasinghe assisted by Manikdiwela and
Bamunusinghe pioneered this project

1992- Under a grant from the Japanese government plans were drawn to establish a new studio
complex, Auditorium and Control room in the SLBC premises. It was also proposed to install
new FM STEREO transmitters to cover the Colombo District and reequip the Outside Broadcast
section and provide an OB transmission bus.

1992- Mr. LAL Herath appointed as Addl. DDGE.
1992- A pilot project was launched at Hunnasgiriya to provide FM coverage to Kandy.
1993- The new studio complex and FM transmitters under the grant from the government of
Japan was declared open by President D.B.Wijetunge.
1993- New studio complex for Ruhunu sevaya was declared open by the Chairman of S.L.B.C.
Mr. Kumara Abeysinghe.
.
1994- A new FM transmitting station to cover the southern province and the NCP was
established and inaugurated by the Minister of Broadcasting and information Mr. Tyronne
Fernando.
1997- A FM transmission station to partly cover the South and the entire Colombo district was
established at Yatiyantota.

1997- The FM station at Hunnasgiriya was made operational with seven transmitters

2002- A Digital Micro wave project was initiated to replace the existing VHF programme feed.
The base station was at Yatiyantota linking Karagahatenne, Hunnasgiriya, Nayabedde thru
Kikiliyamana. The programme feed was fed from Colombo to Yatiyantota base station. The
equipment was provided by Moseley Electronics, USA.

2005 December 5th Sri Lanka celebrated eighty years in broadcasting, a historic landmark
in the world of broadcasting.

2007January 5th Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation celebrated forty years as a public

broadcasting corporation

Radio CEYLON

Radio Ceylon

Inaugaration

In the colonial time,as in other countries, in Ceylon too,radio broadcast was introduced based on the BBC model. In Cylon , the first experimental broadcast was started on 22nd February 1924 at the building of Young men's christian association ( YMCA ).After a few months of experiments ,on 27th June1924 , the radio broadcast was inaugurated in Ceylon by the then Governer Sir William Henry Manning.However there is a strong opinion that it was inaugurated on 1925 Dec.16th,by the then Governer Sir Hugh Clifford.The Post Master General in his report of 1924 was very definite on the fact the inauguration was done in 1924.Even though, the then Radio Ceylon and now SLBC still goes on the fact that their Birthday is on 25th of December 1925.Accordingly , SLBC celebrates it's 85th birthday ,this year-2009.


Under government department

Broadcasting in Ceylon for the first time it is said to be commenced under a government department on the 1st October 1949 and was named - RADIO CEYLON.It was headeed by Mr. John Lapson who came from BBC and he was designated as Director General .Mr.Lampson who introduced some sweeping changes in Ceylon braodcasting, relinquished his duties on 15th August 1952.Mr.M.J.Perera of the Ceylon civil servise who joined Radio Ceylon on 18th April 1952, took over from Mr.Lmpson, making the first Ceylonese director-general of broadcasting.


Some distinguished programmes at the early stage

1."1949-Buddhi mandalaya"- a very popular programme based on the BBC's-"Brain trust".

2."Yauwana samajaya"- originaly moderated by Proffesor E.W.Sarachchandra.

3."Pansiya panas jatakaya".

4."Guvan viduli geetha nataka"-the first of the series was 'Manohari' written by Chandraratna Manawasinha.

5."Shastriya sangrahaya" ( the classical hour ). (It should be also noted that Mr.M.J. Perera in his time has done towards the betterment of oriental music over the air waves.His endevour was started in 1953 by introducing a special recording session of nearly 200 Sinhala light songs. 38 singers participated.)


Commercial broadcasting--During the Lampson era,a special attention was paid on earning revenue through commercial broadcasts.Thus the Commercial service was inaugurated on 30th September 1950 and it was headed by Mr.Clifford R. Dodd as the Director. He was an experienced officer who engaged in commercial radio , in his native country , Australia.

This is Mr.Dodd
clifford r.dodd
Rediffusion

In 1950 , a private company under the license of Broadcasting authourity , started it's Re-diffusion of Radio Ceylon programmes.It was a wired sevice and it's first customer was connected on April 1951. However the company was closed down few years later.
War era-1942 & after

Radio Ceylon was compelled to vacate its Torrington square premises in September 1942 for the occupation of the Royal Air Force.It was shifted to a residential bungalow in Cotta rd. Borella - The Bower House.After the war ,the Cotta rd.premises needed to be vacated in the view of having a newly highly specialised studio & office complex.Plans were drawn to house Radio Ceylon at Torrington Square again , in a newly built building complexIt was accomploshed in 1949 .By 15th August 1950 , the studio complex was even braodened with six studios , ten announcer studios and approximately 3000 sq.ft. of office space.

Corporation

On 31stjuly 1965 , the government appointed a comission of enquiry to enquire on broadcasting of Ceylon , headed by Mr.Herbert Hullugalle. The main recomendation of the commission was for the establishment of a broadcasting corporation . It was approved by the cabinet on 16th September 1966.The second birthday of broadcasting in Ceylon was marked thus , on 5th January 1967. On that day Radio Ceylon became a public corporation.The Prime Minister Mr.Dudley Senanayakka opened the newly established - Ceylon Broadcasting Corporation.The first board of Directors of CBC comprised of - MR.NevilleJayaweera (CCS), Mr.A.L.M.Hashim , Mr.Dharmasiri Kuruppu , Mr. K.A.G. Perera , and Mr. devar Surya Sena . After the first board meeting it was decided unanimously to appoint the chairman , Mr.Jayaweera , to the post of Director General.
Some of the distinguished broadcasters in Sri Lanka(Please note that this list is NOT in the order of seniority)

D.M.Colambage
D.M.Colambage*-The first sinhala announcer, recruited by Radio Ceylon."Kolambin Katakarami" was the station identity at that time. Born on 4.5.1909. Death -23.11.1987.


Ven.Palane Sri Vajiragnana Thero
Ven.Palane Sri Vajiragnana Thero* - The first to deliver a bana (sermon) in Sinhala, over radio.

Prabha Ranatunga
Prabha Ranatunga - The first Sinhala lady announcer recruited by Radio Ceylon .

Hevis Guruge
Thevis Guruge *- Another pioneer broadcaster at the early stage who Joined as a relief announcer.He ended up as director general & chairman. Born on 23.3.1923, Mr.Guruge was assasinated on 23.7.1989 , by an unknown gun-man.

Livy.R.Wijemanne
Livy.R.Wijemanne *- A veteran English broadcaster who became the director of commercial service. He ended up as , chairman.

M.D.Gunapala
M.D.Gunapala* - A Sinhala announcer at the early stage.

Ananda Sarath Wimalaweera

Ananda Sarath Wimalaweera*- A very senior announcer ,news reader , controller, commentator and the director of central-operations.He was also a famous lyricist.
M.J.Perera
M.J.Perera*-The first (Ceylonese) director-general of Radio Ceylon. A senior member of Ceylon Civil Service.He was also the first chairman of 'Rupavahini
Corporation.

Karunaratna Abeyseksera
Karunaratna Abeyseksera *- Another sinhala announcer who was at his peak of popularity.A well famed sinhala lyricist.Died on 20th April 1983.

Vernon Corea
Vernon Corea* - A veteran english broadcaster in the commercial service.

Nevil Jayaweera
Nevil Jayaweera - The first chairman and director general of Ceylon broadcasting Corporation.A senior member of Ceylon Civil Service.

Palita Perera
Palita Perera - A senior broadcaster , announcer , producer , director of Sinhala service.The most veteran cricket commentator(sinhala) on radio and television. It is widely believed that Palitha is Sri Lanka's first radio cricket commentator in Sinhala.However his name will be remembered by the local crickrt lovers for his role in popularising cricket among the local masses through his charming cricket commentaries aired over the radio in the Sinhala language since 1963. And, when the live TV coverage began in Sri Lanka for the first time in1982 on RUPAVAHINI , with the tour of Keith Fletcher's England for the Sri Lnaka's inaugural Test Palitha was among the first set of local commentators as well.Completing over 45 years of cricket commentating, the SLBC , on the 30th September 2009, felicitated its faithful member of the staff under the auspices of ARJUNA RANATUNGE World Cup winning Captain, Sports and Public Recreation Minister Gamini Lokuge, Media Minister Anura Priyadharshana Yapa and the SLBC Chairman Hudson Samarasinghe.Palitha last year , 2008, pened his first book titled ' PALITHA SAMAGA SAJEEWA LESIN " ( Live with Palitha Perera ) trying to chronicle the local broadcasting history in last half century.

Sudharman de Silva
Sudharman de Silva* - A senior most announcer,organizer,controller and commentator.

Cyril Rajapakse
Cyril Rajapakse* - One of the most senior announcers,controller and an established news reader.

Ariyadasa Pieris
Ariyadasa Pieris - A very senior announcer of sinhala commercial service.

Premasara Epasinha
Premasara Epasinha - A senior cricket commentator.


Lalit S.Maitripala
Lalit S.Maitripala* - A very senior announcer of sinhala commercial service and controller.He was also in the post of chairman of SLBC.A famous lyricist and a poet.

Nanda Jayamanne
Nanda Jayamanne - A most senior announcer and controller.


Amarabandu Rupasinha
Amarabandu Rupasinha* - One of the senior announcers and a veteran news reader.

Premakirthi de Alwis
Premakirthi de Alwis *- The most popular annoncer,commentator,news reader , a well known lyricist.He was assasinated on 31st july 1989 by an unknown gun-man.

Daya de alwis
Daya de alwis - An annoncer in the commercial service and a presentor of womens programmes.A lyricist.

Ratna Lanka Abeywickrema
Ratna Lanka Abeywickrema - An announcer in the commercial service and a presentor of womens programmes.A lyricist.

Chandra Vimon
Chandra Vimon* - A senior announcer in the commercial service and a presntor of womens programmes.A very attractive voice in commercial advertising. She died in the year of 1995.

Dharmasri Wickremasinha
Dharmasri Wickremasinha - One of the most popular announcers , news reader , and a stage presentor.Also a film producer , a writer and a lyricist.

Tissa Jayawardena

Tissa Jayawardena *- A veteran news reader and a commentator.

Nandana Karunanayakka
Nandana Karunanayakka* - Director of listners research unit of SLBC. He sreved also as director-general for a short period. His sudden death occured in the early part of 2000.

Madawala S.Ratnayaka
Madawala S.Ratnayaka* - A programme producer,organizer,a well known lyricist and a novelist.

Hudson Samarasinghe
Hudson Samarasinghe - A senior broadcaster,commentatoe a lyricist and the chairman of SLBC at present.

Ridgeway Tillekeratne
Ridgeway Tillekeratne* - A chairman and director-general of SLBC and also served as the secretary for the ministry of information.A senior member of the Ceylon Civil Service. Born on 14th August 1931 he died on 19th August 1981.

Asoka Tillekeratne
Asoka Tillekeratne - An announcer,producer,organizer,controller of SLBC and Manager of programmes at Lakhanda Radio.Also a narrator in television media.(Author of this Article)

H.M.Gunasekera

H.M.Gunasekera*- A very senior and veteran broadcaster. Latter part of the 1970s he held the post of Director -Sinhala Service.
Kusumachandra Arangala
Kusumachandra Arangala -Joined SLBC in 1969 as a news assistant and later promoted to News Editor. In 1996 he was released to newly established Lak Handa Radio as Manager News. He was appointed as Deputy General Manger - ITN in 2004. Arangala retired from the service in 2007 .

Newton Gunaratna
Newton Gunaratna - Joined SLBC in 1960's as a relief announcer and later promoted to the post of permanent announcer. During his career he has worked as an Organizer, Controller, Director. In 1994 he became the Deputy Director General - Programmes and pioneered the Lak Handa Radio. Then he was appointed as Chairman -ITN and Lak Handa. At present he is the Sri Lanka Ambassador to Myanmar.

Chandana Tillekereatne
Chandana Tillekereatne - Joined SLBC in 1984 as a relief announcer and 4 years after , became a permanent Announcer. Then in 1996 he was released to Lak Handa as Manager - Programmes . In 1998 he left Lak Handa to join Private Media.He came back to Lak Handa as DGM in 2001 , held the post till 2003 and left again to Private Media. At present Chandana is CEO of 'Sath FM'.

Amara Gunasekera
Amara Gunasekera - Joined SLBC in 1975 as a relief announcer and became permanent in 1979 .While he was in his career Amara was very keen and creative in presenting Radio progreammes. He has an unique voice at the microphone. Amara was also a prominent TV presenter in Sri Lanka . At present he is in France doing well . In France , First Sinhalese Radio progrmme "Seri Sara" became under his production through Radio VallÊe FM, & 2005-2006 production of "Iridha Sangrahaya" through Dan Ceylon (now Dan Lanka)TV.Still Amara is on the most of the Sri Lankan cultural & religios Occasions as a presentator in France.

Mahinda Algama
Mahinda Algama - A veteran broadcaster , producer and lyricist in Sri Lanka.He joined SLBC about 3 decades ago. In proramme production , Mahinda specialized on children's programmes and radio drama.'Rukattana mala mudune', 'Chandra madulu yata', 'Raan kurulla', 'Lmandune', 'Ridi bubulu val', 'Jeewitaya nawatila' are a few to be mentioned, among a vast number of songs he has into his credit.

Please note-who are marked * are no more with us

PUBLICATIONS

Starting from 1920s a monthly pamphlet which contained details of radio programmes to be broadcast during the month was sent to all license-holders - free of charge.From 1951 onwards it was sold at 25 cents.In April 1953 for the first time , a new publication named " tharangani " was published in the view of reproducing radio talks,short stories,poetry,dramas etc which was broadcast
over the sinhala service.It was the brain-child of Mr.M.J.Perera (DG)and was welcomed and greatly appreciated by the public. The earlier pamphlet of radio programmes which was up graded as a magazine named "Radio Times" was also well appreciated by the listeners.

Monday, April 23, 2012

Radio Producers need the following

  • Ability to generate original ideas, and to think creatively about how to communicate them
  • excellent writing and story-telling skills, which they can adapt for different audiences and platforms
  • when necessary, an understanding of how to use their voice to communicate effectively with listeners
  • knowledge of the Radio market, different station and programme styles, and audience demographics
  • the confidence and tenacity to pursue information, overcome obstacles, and pitch ideas to senior colleagues
  • ability to work independently but also as part of a team
  • self-motivation and adaptability
  • ability to work effectively under pressure, react quickly, and meet tight deadlines
  • determination, diplomacy and excellent interpersonal skills
  • empathy and patience, the ability to build rapport and draw information from people
  • ability to coach and develop talent in others
  • a comprehensive knowledge of the subjects relevant to the Radio genre in which they wish to work
  • a thorough knowledge of the law, ethics and industry regulation as they affect Radio production
  • knowledge of when it is necessary, and how to acquire, the relevant clearances and licenses, including copyright and music clearances
  • knowledge of the requirements of the relevant Health and Safety legislation and procedures
  • a high level of IT skills - particularly good word-processing and data handling skills
  • ability to learn how to use a variety of recording equipment and to operate different radio studios
  • ability to conduct effective internet research, use relevant computer software for audio editing, and, when necessary, to manipulate visual images or edit video, and upload all such material for use on websites.

Sunday, April 22, 2012

Friday, April 20, 2012

⎀āļą්āļąිāļēāļŊැ āļ‡āļ­්āļ­āļą්āļœේ āļšāļ­ා āļ¯āļ¸āļą āļēāļ¸āļšෙ

 
āļģැ⎄ේ āļ‡āļ­්āļ­āļą්āļœේ ‘⎄āļŦ’ āļģේāļŠිāļēෝ āļ¯āļšාāļą āļ¸āļœිāļą් āļ´āļ§ිāļœāļ­ āļšāļģāļąු āļŊැāļļූ āļ…āˇ€āˇƒ්āļŽා āļšීāļ´āļēāļš්


āļģැ⎄ේ āļ‡āļ­්āļ­āļą්āļœේ ‘⎄āļŦ’ āļģේāļŠිāļēෝ āļ¯āļšාāļą āļ¸āļœිāļą් āļ´āļ§ිāļœāļ­ āļšāļģāļąු āļŊැāļļූ āļ…āˇ€āˇƒ්āļŽා āļšීāļ´āļēāļš්
⎄ිāļ§āļ´ු ⎀ැāļ¯ිāļąාāļēāļš āļŒāļģු⎀āļģිāļœේ ⎀āļą්āļąිāļēāļŊැ āļ‡āļ­්āļ­āļą්āļœේ ⎄āļŦ āļ‡āļ­ු⎅āļ­් ⎃ංāļēුāļš්āļ­ āļ­ැāļ§ිāļē āļģේāļŠිāļēෝ āļ¯āļšාāļą āˇƒංāļģāļš්⎂āļĢ āļ´ු⎃්āļ­āļšාāļŊāļēāļ§ āļąාāļēāļš āˇ€āļą්āļąිāļēāļŊැ āļ‡āļ­්āļ­āļą් ⎀ි⎃ිāļą් āļˇාāļģāļ¯ුāļą් āļ…āˇ€āˇƒ්āļŽා⎀
āļģේāļŠිāļēෝ āļ¯āļšාāļą āļļැāļ¯්āļ¯ේ āļœāļ¯්āļ¯ේ ⎀ැāļŠāˇƒāļ§āˇ„āļąāļ§ āˇ€ැāļ¯ිāļąාāļēāļšāļ­ුāļ¸ා āļœිāļģාāļŗුāļģුāļšෝāļ§්āļ§ āˇ€ිāļšා⎁āļą āļ¸ැāļ¯ිāļģිāļēේāļ¯ී āˇƒāˇ„āļˇාāļœි⎀ූ āļ…āļēුāļģු
āļœු⎀āļą් ⎀ිāļ¯ුāļŊිāļēāļ§ āˇƒāˇ€āļą් āļ¯ෙāļą āļšැāļšුāļŊෙāļš්
⎀ැāļ¯ිāļąාāļēāļšāļēාāļœේ āļ¯āļšාāļą āļ´ැāļŊ්āļšොāļ§āļēේ ⎃ිāļ§ āļĸංāļœāļ¸ āļ¯ුāļģāļšāļŽāļąāļē āļ¸āļœිāļą් ⎃āļĸී⎀ී ⎀ිāļšා⎁āļēāļ§ āˇƒāļ¸්āļļāļą්āļ° āˇ€āļą āļ…āļēුāļģු


āļ¸ාāļ¸āļšැāļ ්āļ āļš් ⎄ොāļŗāļ¸āļēි. āļ­ැāļąāļšිāļą් āļ”āļē āļ‡āļ­්āļ­āļą්āļœෙ āļšāļą් āļģුāļšුāļŊāļ§ āļ¸āļą්āļ¯ොāļšāļģāļœෙāļą āļ‰āļŗ āļ­ිāļļෙāļą්āļąේ ⎀āļą්āļąිāļēāļŊැ āļ‡āļ­්āļ­āļą්āļœේ āļšāļ­ා āļ¯āļ¸āļą āļēāļ¸āļšෙ āļ…āļąු⎀āļ¸āļēි ⎄āļ­āļģāļ¸ෙāļą්. āļ­ැāļąāļšිāļą් āļ”āļē āļ‡āļ­්āļ­āļą්āļ§ āļšāˇ€ිāļ­ැāļąāˇ€āļŊ් āļšāļąා āļ´ොāļĸ්āļĸ⎀āļŊ් āļ‡āˇ„ුāļ¸් āļ´ොāļĸ්āļĸ āļ¸āļą්āļ¯ො āļšāļģāļą්āļą āˇ„ිāļ­්āļŊාāļœෙāļą āļ‰āļŗ āļ­ිāļļෙāļą්āļą.
āļ´āļ§āˇ€ැāļŊ් āļ´ොāļĸ්āļĸෙāļą් āļ¸ේāļļෙāļ§ āļšāļąා āļ¯āļ¸āļą්āļą. ⎁්‍āļģී āļŊංāļšා āļ´‍්‍āļģāļŽāļ¸ āˇ€ැāļ¯ි āļœු⎀āļą් ⎀ිāļ¯ුāļŊිāļē ⎃ිāļšුāļģාāļ¯ා āļ´.⎀. 1.30āļ§ āļ­āļ¸ āˇ€ිāļšා⎁āļąāļē āļ†āļģāļ¸්āļˇ āļšāļģāļą්āļąේ āļ‘āļŊෙ⎃ිāļąි. ⎃āļ­ිāļēāļšāļ§ āļ‘āļš් āļ¯ිāļąāļēāļš් āļ´ැāļē 5 1/2āļš āˇ€ිāļšා⎁āļąāļē ⎀āļą āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļœු⎀āļą් ⎀ිāļ¯ුāļŊි āļąාāļŊිāļšා⎀ āļąāļ¸් āļŊāļļා āļ‡āļ­්āļ­ේ āļģේāļŠිāļēෝ āļ¯āļšාāļą āļŊෙ⎃ිāļąි. āļ¯āļšාāļą āˇ„ා ⎄ෙāļąාāļœෙāļŊ āļģැ⎄ේ āļ‡āļ­්āļ­ෝ āļšāļŊ්⎀ේāļŊා āļ‡āļ­ි⎀āļ¸ āļœු⎀āļą් ⎀ිāļ¯ුāļŊි āļēāļą්āļ­‍්‍āļģ ⎀āļ§ා āļģොāļš්⎀ ⎃ිāļ§ිāļ­ි.
⎁්‍āļģී āļŊංāļšා āļœු⎀āļą් ⎀ිāļ¯ුāļŊි ⎃ං⎃්āļŽා⎀āļ§ āļ…āļēāļ­් āļœිāļģාāļŗුāļģුāļšෝāļ§්āļ§ āļ´‍්‍āļģāļĸා āļœු⎀āļą් ⎀ිāļ¯ුāļŊි ⎃ේ⎀āļē āļ¸āļœිāļą් āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļąාāļŊිāļšා⎀ āļ´āˇ€āļ­්⎀ාāļœෙāļą āļēāļēි.
āļ´‍්‍āļģ⎀ීāļą āˇƒāļą්āļąි⎀ේāļ¯āļšāļēāļšු ⎀āļą āļšේ.āļ’. āļĸāļē⎀ිāļš‍්‍āļģāļ¸, āļœිāļģාāļŗුāļģුāļšෝāļ§්āļ§ āļ´‍්‍āļģāļĸා āļœු⎀āļą්⎀ිāļ¯ුāļŊි āļ¸ැāļ¯ිāļģිāļēේ ⎃ිāļ§ āļąි⎀ේāļ¯āļą āļšāļ§āļēුāļ­ු āļ¸ෙ⎄ෙāļē⎀āļ¯්āļ¯ී āļ¯āļšාāļąේ ⎀ැāļ¯ි āļąාāļēāļš āļŒāļģු⎀āļģිāļœේ ⎀āļą්āļąිāļēāļŊ āļ‡āļ­්āļ­āļą්āļœේ āļ´ැāļŊ්āļšොāļ§ේ ⎃ිāļ§ āļœු⎀āļą්⎀ිāļ¯ුāļŊිāļēේ āļ­āˇ€āļ­් āļ´‍්‍āļģ⎀ීāļĢ āļąි⎀ේāļ¯āļšāļēāļšු ⎀āļą āļ āļą්āļ¯්‍āļģāļģāļ­්āļą āļ´ේāļģුāļ¸්āļļāļŠāļœේ ⎃āļ¸්āļļāļą්āļ°ීāļšāļģāļĢ āļšāļ§āļēුāļ­ු āļšāļģāļēි. āļ”⎀ුāļą් āļ¯ෙāļ¯ෙāļąාāļ¸ āˇ€ැāļ¯ි āļˇා⎂ා⎀ āļšāļ­ාāļšāļģāļą්āļąේ āļąිāļēāļ¸ āˇ€ැāļ¯්āļ¯āļą් āļ¸ෙāļąි.
āļŠāļ§ āļ…āļ¸āļ­āļģ⎀ āļ¯āļšාāļąේāļ¯ී āļ­āļ¸ āˇ„āļŦ āļ¸ු⎃ුāļšāļģāļą්āļą. ⎀ිāļ¸āļŊāļģāļ­āļą āļšැāļšුāļŊා āˇƒāˇ„ āļŒāļģු⎀āļģිāļœේ āļ´āļ­්āļ¸ා āļšැāļšුāļŊී āˇƒāˇ„āļą āļąි⎀ේāļ¯āļš āļąි⎀ේāļ¯ිāļšා ⎀ෝāļē. āļ¸ුāļŊāļ¯ී āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļœු⎀āļą්⎀ිāļ¯ුāļŊිāļēāļ§ āļ†āļ¯ි⎀ා⎃ී āļąාāļēāļšāļēා āļ…āļšāļ¸ැāļ­ි⎀ිāļē. āļ‘⎄ෙāļ­් āļĸāļē⎀ිāļš‍්‍āļģāļ¸ āļ¸āˇ„āļ­ාāļœේ āļ¯ැāļŠි āļ´āļģි⎁‍්‍āļģāļ¸āļēෙāļą් āļ”⎄ු āļšැāļ¸āļ­ි āļšāļģ⎀ාāļœāļ­ āˇ„ැāļšි⎀ිāļē. āļ’ āļšොāļą්āļ¯ේ⎃ි āļœāļĢāļąා⎀āļš් āļēāļ§āļ­ේāļē. āļ´‍්‍āļģāļ°ාāļą āļšොāļą්āļ¯ේ⎃ිāļē ⎀ූāļēේ āļģැ⎄ේ āļ…āļąāļą්‍āļēāļ­ා⎀āļ§ āˇ„ාāļąිāļšāļģ āļšි⎃ි⎀āļš් āļ¸ෙ⎄ි ⎀ිāļšා⎁āļąāļē āļąොāļšāˇ… āļēුāļ­ු āļļ⎀āļē.
āļ­āˇ€āļ­් āļšොāļą්āļ¯ේ⎃ිāļēāļš් ⎀ූāļēේ ⎀ැāļ¯ි āļĸāļąāļēාāļœේ āļœැāļ§āļŊූ āļ´‍්‍āļģ⎁්āļą āˇƒāļĸී⎀ී āļŊෙ⎃ āļ¸ේ āļąාāļŊිāļšා⎀ āļ”āˇƒ්⎃ේ āļ­āļ¸ාāļ§ āļ…āˇƒāļą්āļąāļ§ āļ…⎀⎁්‍āļē āļļ⎀āļē. āļŠāļ§ āļ…āļ¸āļ­āļģ⎀ āļ¸ේ āļąාāļŊිāļšා⎀ āļ¸āļœිāļą් ⎀ැāļ¯ි āļļ⎃් ⎀⎄āļģ āļ´ි⎅ිāļļāļŗāˇ€ āļąි⎀ැāļģāļ¯ි āļ…⎀āļļෝāļ°āļēāļš් āļŊāļļාāļ¯ිāļē āļēුāļ­ු āļļ⎀āļē.
āļ’ āļšොāļą්āļ¯ේ⎃ි ⎃ිāļēāļŊ්āļŊāļ§āļ¸ āļ…āļąුāļœāļ­āˇ€ āļ…āļ¯ āļ¸ෙ⎄ි ⎃ිāļēāļŊූ ⎀ැāļŠāˇƒāļ§āˇ„āļą් ⎀ිāļšා⎁āļąāļē ⎀ෙāļēි.
āļ´‍්‍āļģāļ°ාāļą āˇƒāļ¸්āļ´āļ­් āļ¯ාāļēāļšāļēා ⎀ැāļ¯ිāļąාāļēāļšāļēාāļē. ⎄ෙāļąාāļąිāļœāļŊ ⎀ැāļ¯ිāļąාāļēāļšāļēා āļ¯ āˇƒāļĸී⎀ී āļŊෙ⎃ ⎃āļ¸්āļļāļą්āļ° āˇ€āļą āļąāļ¸ුāļ¯ු āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āˇ€ිāļšා⎁āļąāļē āļģāļ­ුāļœāļŊ ⎄ා āļ´ොāļŊ්āļļැāļ¯්āļ¯āļ§ āļœෙāļąāļēාāļ¸āļ§ āļ­āļģāļ¸් ⎃āļą්āļąි⎀ේāļ¯āļą āļ­ාāļš්⎂āļĢāļē āļ´‍්‍āļģāļļāļŊ āļąො⎀ූ āļļැ⎀ිāļą් āļ‘āļ¸ āļąාāļēāļšāļēිāļą්āļœේ āļ…āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒ් ⎀ිāļšා⎁āļąāļē ⎀āļą්āļąේ āļ´āļ§ිāļœāļ­ āļšිāļģීāļ¸් āļ‡āˇƒුāļģිāļąි.
⎀ැāļ¯ි āļļ⎃් ⎀⎄āļģ āļ´ි⎅ිāļļāļŗāˇ€ āļ¯ැāļąු⎀āļ­් āļšිāļģීāļ¸්, ⎀ැāļ¯ි āļœී āļģāļ āļąāļē, ⎄ා ⎃ං⎀ාāļ¯ āļ¸ෙ⎄ෙāļē ⎀āļą්āļąේ ⎀ැāļ¯ි āļĸāļąāļēා āļ…āļ­āļģිāļą් āļ¸ෙāļ­ෙāļš් ⎀ි⎁්⎀⎀ිāļ¯්‍āļēාāļŊ āļ‹āļ´ාāļ°ිāļēāļš් āļŊැāļļූ āļ‘āļšāļ¸ āļ´ුāļ¯්āļœāļŊāļēා ⎀āļą āļ´ාāļ¨āˇාāļŊාāļ ාāļģ්āļē āļ¯āļšාāļąේ āļœුāļĢ⎀āļģ්āļ°āļąāļē.
āļ¸ේ āļœු⎀āļą්⎀ිāļ¯ුāļŊිāļē āļ…āļ­් āļ¯āļšිāļą්āļąāļ§ āļ¯āļšාāļąāļ§ āļœිāļēෙāļ¸ු. āļąාāļēāļšāļ­ුāļ¸ාāļœේ āļ´ැāļŊ්āļšොāļ§āļēේ ⎃āļą්āļąි⎀ේāļ¯āļšāļēෝ ⎃ූāļ¯ාāļąāļ¸්⎀ ⎃ිāļ§ිāļē⎄.
āļšුāļŠා āļœු⎀āļą් ⎀ිāļ¯ුāļŊි āļēāļą්āļ­‍්‍āļģāļēāļš් āļšāļ§ුāļ¸ැāļ§ි āļšොāļ§ āļļිāļ­්āļ­ිāļē āļ‹āļŠ āļ­ිāļļිāļĢ. ⎀ෙāļąāļ­් āļœු⎀āļą් ⎀ිāļ¯ුāļŊි āļąාāļŊිāļšා⎀āļŊāļ¸ෙāļą් ⎃āļĸී⎀ී ⎃āļą්āļąි⎀ේāļ¯āļą āļ‹āļ´āļšāļģāļĢ āļšි⎃ි⎀āļš් āļ¸ෙ⎄ි āļ¯āļš්āļąāļ§ āļąො⎀ීāļ¸ āļ´‍්‍āļģ⎄ෙāļŊිāļšා⎀āļš් ⎀ිāļē. ⎄āļģිāļēāļ§āļ¸ āļ´.⎀. 1.30āļ§ 95.4 āļ¸ීāļ§āļģāļē āļ”āˇƒ්⎃ේ āļœු⎀āļą් ⎀ිāļ¯ුāļŊිāļē āļš‍්‍āļģිāļēාāļ­්āļ¸āļš āˇ€ිāļē.
āļ…āļ´ූāļģු ⎃ංāļœීāļ­ āļģා⎀āļēāļš් āļ‡āˇƒෙāļą්āļąāļ§ āˇ€ිāļē. āļ‘āļē āļ­ේāļ¸ා ⎃ංāļœීāļ­āļēāļšි. āļ‘⎄ි āļģිāļ¯්āļ¸āļē ⎀āļąāļ´ෙāļ­ āļšāļŗු⎄ෙāļŊ්, āļœāļŊ්āļ­āļŊා ⎄ා āļ¯ිāļē āļšāļŗුāļģු ⎄ු⎃්āļ¸ āļœāļą්āļąා āļļ⎀ ⎄āļ¯āˇ€āļ­āļ§ āļ¯āļąāˇ€āļą āˇƒු⎅ුāļē.
⎄ිāļ­āˇ€āļ­් āļąි⎀ේāļ¯āļšāļēා āļĸāļē⎀ිāļš‍්‍āļģāļ¸ āļœිāļģාāļŗුāļģුāļšෝāļ§්āļ§ āļ´‍්‍āļģāļ°ාāļą āļ¸ැāļ¯ිāļģිāļēේ ⎃ිāļ§ āļ¸ාāļ¸ āļšැāļ ්āļ āļš් ⎄ොāļŗāļ¸āļēි āļšිāļēāļ¸ිāļą් āļąි⎀ේāļ¯āļą āļšāļ§āļēුāļ­ු āļ†āļģāļ¸්āļˇ āļšāļģāļą්āļąේ āļ‰āļą් āļ´āˇƒුāļē.
āļąාāļŊිāļšා⎀ේ ⎀ැāļŠāˇƒāļ§āˇ„āļą් āļ´ි⎅ිāļļāļŗ āļ´ූāļģ්⎀ āļ¯ැāļąු⎀āļ­් āļšිāļģීāļ¸āļšිāļą් āļ´āˇƒු ⎀ැāļ¯ි ⎄ා āļšැāļšුāļŊිāļēāļą් āļœාāļēāļąා āļšāˇ… āļ…āļ´ූāļģු ⎀ැāļ¯ි āļœීāļ­āļēāļš් āļœු⎀āļąāļ§ āļ¸ු⎃ු⎀ිāļē. āļ‘⎄ි āļ…āļģුāļ­ āˇ€ූāļēේ āļšැāļŊේ āļšොāļŊේ āļ­āļąිāļēāļ¸ āļēāļą්āļą āļ‘āļ´ා āļēāļąු⎀ෙāļą් āļŊා āļšැāļšුāļŊිāļēāļą්āļ§ āļšāļģāļą āļ…⎀⎀ාāļ¯āļēāļšි.
āļąාāļēāļš āˇ€āļą්āļąිāļēāļŊැ āļ‡āļ­්āļ­ෝ āļšāļ§ුāļ¸ැāļ§ි āļœāˇƒා ⎃ාāļ¯āļą āļŊāļ¯ āˇƒිāļē ⎃ුāļ´ුāļģුāļ¯ු āļ…āˇƒුāļąේ ⎃ිāļ§ āˇƒා⎀āļ¯ාāļąāˇ€ āļ…āˇƒාāļœෙāļą āˇƒිāļ§ිāļēāļ¯ී āļĸāļē⎀ිāļš‍්‍āļģāļ¸āļœේ ⎄āļŦ āļē⎅ි āļ…⎀āļ¯ි⎀ිāļē. ⎀ැāļ¯ි āļˇා⎂ා⎀ෙāļą් āļ”⎄ු āļšි⎀ේ āļ¯ැāļą් ⎀ැāļ¯ිāļąාāļēāļš āļ­ුāļ¸ාāļœේ āļ¯āˇ€āˇƒේ āļ…⎀⎀ාāļ¯āļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„ා ⎃āļ¸්āļļāļą්āļ°āļ­ා⎀āļē āļēොāļ¸ු āļšāļģāļą āļļ⎀āļēි.
āļąාāļēāļšāļ­ුāļ¸ා ⎅āļŸ āˇ„ිāļ§āļœෙāļą āˇƒිāļ§ි ⎃āļą්āļąි⎀ේāļ¯āļšāļēිāļą් āļ…āļ­ුāļģිāļą් āļ āļą්āļ¯්‍āļģāļģāļ­්āļą āļ­āļ¸ āˇƒාāļš්āļšු⎀ේ āļ­ිāļļූ āļšāļļāļŊ් āļĸංāļœāļ¸ āļ¯ුāļģāļšāļŽāļąāļē āļąාāļēāļšāļ­ුāļ¸ාāļ§ āļŊංāļšāˇ…ේāļē. āļąාāļēāļšāļ­ුāļ¸ා ⎃ිāļē āļ…āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒ් āļœු⎀āļą්⎀ිāļ¯ුāļŊිāļēāļ§ āļ¸ු⎃ු āļšāˇ…ේāļē. āļ¸ේ ⎀ිāļšා⎁āļąāļēේ ⎃ිāļēāļŊූ ⎃āļĸී⎀ී āļšāļ§āļēුāļ­ු ⎃ිāļ¯ු⎀āļą්āļąේ āļĸංāļœāļ¸ āļ¯ුāļģāļšāļŽāļą āļ¸āļœිāļą් āļļ⎀ āļ¯ැāļąāļœāļą්āļąāļ§ āļŊැāļļුāļĢි.
⎀āļą්āļąිāļēāļŊැ āļ‡āļ­්āļ­ෝ āļ…āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒ් āļ¯ැāļš්⎀ීāļ¸ෙāļą් āļ´āˇƒු āļ¯āˇ€āˇƒේ āļ­ේāļģ⎀ිāļŊි āļšāˇ€ිāļē āļ‰āļ¯ිāļģිāļ´āļ­් āļšිāļģීāļ¸āļ§ āˇ€ිāļ¸āļŊāļģāļ­්āļą āļšැāļšුāļŊා āļ…āļ¸āļ­āļš āļšāˇ…ේ āļąැāļ­.
āļ­ේāļģ⎀ිāļŊ්āļŊ āļąි⎀ැāļģāļ¯ි⎀ āļ­ෝāļģා ⎃āļĸී⎀ී āļŊෙ⎃ āļ‰āļ¯ිāļģිāļ´āļ­් āļšāļģāļą āļŊෙ⎃ āļ†āļģාāļ°āļąāļēāļš් āļ¯ āļšෙāļģිāļĢ. āļ­ේāļģ⎀ිāļŊ්āļŊ āļąි⎀ැāļģāļ¯ි⎀ āļ­ෝāļģāļą āļ…āļēāļ§ āļœāļŊේ āļ‡āļšāļģූ āļšුāļģ⎄āļą් āļ´ිāļ§ි  āļ´ාāļģ්⎃āļŊāļēāļš් āļ´ිāļģිāļąāļ¸āļą āļļ⎀āļ¯ āļąි⎀ේāļ¯āļąāļē ⎀ිāļē.āļ‰āļą්āļ´āˇƒු āļē⎅ි ⎀ැāļ¯ි āļœීāļēāļš් āļœු⎀āļąේ āļ¸ු⎃ු⎀ිāļē. āļģැ⎄ේ āļ¯ුāļš්āļœැāļąāˇ€ිāļŊි ⎃āļĸී⎀ී āļŊෙ⎃ āļ‰āļ¯ිāļģිāļ´āļ­් ⎀ෙāļ¯්āļ¯ී āļąාāļēāļš āˇ€āļą්āļąිāļēāļŊැ āļ‡āļ­්āļ­ෝ āļ’⎀ාāļ§ āˇƒāˇ€āļą්āļ¯ී ⎃ිāļ§ āļ…āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒ් āļ‰āļ¯ිāļģිāļ´āļ­් āļšිāļģීāļ¸ āˇ€āļģිāļą්⎀āļģ ⎃ිāļ¯ු⎀ිāļē.
āļģැ⎄ේ ⎃ං⎃්āļšෘāļ­ිāļē āļ…āļąāļą්‍āļēāļ­ා⎀ āļ†āļģāļš්⎂ාāļšāļģ āļœැāļąීāļ¸ āˇ€āļ­්āļ¸āļą් ⎃āļ¸ාāļĸ āļ´āļģි⎃āļģāļē āļ­ු⎅ āļ‰āļ­ා āļ…āļˇිāļēෝāļœාāļ­්āļ¸āļš āļ¯ෙāļēāļš් ⎀ු⎀āļ¯ āļ…āļˇිāļ¸ාāļąāˇ€āļ­් ⎀ැāļ¯ි āļĸāļąāļēා āļŊෙ⎃ āļ‘āļē āļšāˇ… āļēුāļ­ු āļļ⎀ ⎀āļą්āļąිāļēāļŊැ āļ‡āļ­්āļ­ෝ āļąිāļ­āļģāļ¸ āļ¸āļ­āļš්āļšāļģ āļ¯ුāļą්⎄.
āļœු⎀āļą් ⎀ිāļ¯ුāļŊි āļēāļą්āļ­‍්‍āļģāļē āļŊො⎀āļ§ āˇ„āļŗුāļą්⎀ාāļ¯ීāļ¸ේ āļœෞāļģ⎀ āļ¯ිāļąාāļœෙāļą āļ‡āļ­්āļ­ේ āļ‰āļ­ාāļŊිāļēේ āļœුāļœ්āļŊි āļ‘āļŊ්āļ¸ෝ āļ¸ාāļšෝāļąිāļē. āļ¸ාāļšෝāļąි āļ¸ුāļŊිāļą්āļ¸ āļœු⎀āļą් ⎀ිāļ¯ුāļŊි ⎁āļļ්āļ¯ āļ­āļģංāļœ āļ¸āļœිāļą් ⎃ංāļĨා āļąිāļšුāļ­්āļšāˇ… āļ§‍්‍āļģාāļą්⎃ි⎃්āļ§āļģ් āļēāļą්āļ­‍්‍āļģāļēāļ¯ āļąිāļģ්āļ¸ාāļĢāļē āļšāˇ…ේāļē. āļ”⎄ු āļ­āļ¸ āļ¸ුāļŊ්āļ¸ āļ´āļĢි⎀ුāļŠāļē āļēැ⎀්⎀ේ 1895āļ¯ී ⎃ිāļē ⎃ොāļēුāļģාāļ§āļē. āļ…āļŠි 300āļš් āļ´āļ¸āļĢ āļˆāļ­ āˇƒිāļ§ි ⎃ොāļēුāļģා āļ´āļĢි⎀ුāļŠāļē āļ‡āˇƒුāļą āļļ⎀ āļ¸ාāļšෝāļąිāļ§ āļ¯ැāļą්⎀ූāļēේ ⎃ුāļ¯ු āļšොāļŠිāļēāļš් ⎀ැāļąීāļ¸ෙāļąි.
āļ…āļ´ේ āļģāļ§ේ āļœු⎀āļą්⎀ිāļ¯ුāļŊිāļē 1924āļ¯ී āļ†āļģāļ¸්āļˇ āˇ€ිāļē. āļ‘āļ¸ āļœු⎀āļą් ⎀ිāļ¯ුāļŊිāļē ⎃ං⎃්āļŽා⎀āļš් ⎀ූāļēේ 1967 āļĸāļąāˇ€ාāļģි 5 ⎀ැāļąිāļ¯ාāļē. āļœු⎀āļą් ⎀ිāļ¯ුāļŊි ⎃ං⎃්āļŽා⎀ āļēāļ§āļ­ේ āļ´‍්‍āļģාāļ¯ේ⎁ීāļē āļœු⎀āļą්⎀ිāļ¯ුāļŊි āļ¸āļ°්‍āļē⎃්āļŽාāļą āļ´ි⎄ිāļ§ු⎀ීāļ¸ 1980āļ¯ී āļ†āļģāļ¸්āļˇ āˇ€ිāļē. āļģු⎄ුāļĢු ⎃ේ⎀āļē (āļ¸ාāļ­āļģ) āļšāļŗුāļģāļ§ āˇƒේ⎀āļē (āļ¸āˇ„āļąු⎀āļģ) āļģāļĸāļģāļ§ āˇƒේ⎀āļē (āļ…āļąුāļģාāļ°āļ´ුāļģāļē) āļ†āļģāļ¸්āļˇāˇ€ීāļ¸āļ­් ⎃āļ¸āļœ āļ´‍්‍āļģාāļ¯ේ⎁ීāļē ⎀⎁āļēෙāļą් āļšāļŊාāļšāļģු⎀āļą්āļœේ ⎄ා ⎃āļą්āļąි⎀ේāļ¯āļšāļēāļą්āļœේ āļ¸āˇ„āļ­් āļ´ිāļļිāļ¯ීāļ¸āļš් āļ‡āļ­ි⎀ිāļē. āļ‰āļą්āļ´āˇƒු āļœිāļģාāļ¯ුāļģුāļšෝāļ§්āļ§ āļ´‍්‍āļģāļĸා āļœු⎀āļą්⎀ිāļ¯ුāļŊිāļē āļ†āļģāļ¸්āļˇāˇ€ිāļē.
āļ…āļ¯ āˇ€āļą āˇ€ිāļ§ āļģාāļĸ්‍āļē āļ…ං⎁āļēāļ§ āļ…āļ¸āļ­āļģ⎀ āļ´ෞāļ¯්āļœāļŊිāļš āļœු⎀āļą්⎀ිāļ¯ුāļŊි āļąාāļŊිāļšා āļģැ⎃āļš් āļš‍්‍āļģිāļēාāļ­්āļ¸āļš āˇ€ේ. āļ¸ේ⎀ාāļēේ ⎁‍්‍āļģ⎀āļą āļ­āļ­්āļ­්⎀āļē āļ…āļ­ි āļ´‍්‍āļģāļļāļŊāļē. āļ‘⎄ෙāļ­් āļļැāļ¯්āļ¯ේ ⎃ිāļ§ āˇ„āļģ⎀āļ­්⎀ ⎀ිāļšා⎁āļąāļē ⎀āļą  ”āļģේāļŠිāļēෝ āļ¯āļšාāļą” ⎁‍්‍āļģ⎀āļą āļ­āļ­්āļ­්⎀āļē āļ‰āļ­ා āļ¯ුāļ´්āļ´āļ­්āļē. āļ¸ෙ⎄ි ⎁‍්‍āļģ⎀āļą āļ­āļ­්āļ­්⎀āļē āļąං⎀ා āļąāˇ€ීāļą āļ´āˇ„āˇƒුāļšāļ¸් āļŊāļļාāļ¯ීāļ¸ āļšෙāļģෙ⎄ි ⎀āļœāļšි⎀āļēුāļ­ු āļ…āļē āļąොāļ´āļ¸ා⎀ āļ…⎀āļ°ාāļąāļē āļēොāļ¸ු āļšāˇ… āļēුāļ­ුāļē. āļ‘⎀ිāļ§ āļļා⎄ිāļģ ⎃āļ¸ාāļĸāļēāļ§ āˇ€ැāļ¯ිāļĸāļąāļēාāļœෙāļą් āļŊāļ¯ āˇ„ැāļšි āļ†āļ¯āļģ්⎁ āļ‹āˇƒāˇƒ් āļœāļ­ිāļœුāļĢාංāļœ āˇ„ා āļ´ාāļŠāļ¸් ⎀ැāļ¯ි āļœු⎀āļą් ⎀ිāļ¯ුāļŊිāļēෙāļą් āļŊැāļļිāļē ⎄ැāļšිāļē. āļ‘āļ¸ āļąාāļŊිāļšා⎀ āļ‘āļ­āļģāļ¸්āļ¸ āˇ„āļģāļļāļģāļē.
āļļāļ¯ුāļŊ්āļŊේ āļ´ාāļŊිāļ­ āļ†āļģිāļē⎀ං⎁

āļ¸ිāļąි⎃ුāļą් ⎃ැāļąāˇƒූ āļ¸ිāļąි⎃āļšුāļ§ āļ‹āļ´āˇ„ාāļģ āļ´ිāļ¯ුāļąු āļ¸ො⎄ොāļ­āļš්‌!

āļ¸ිāļąි⎃ුāļą් ⎃ැāļąāˇƒූ āļ¸ිāļąි⎃āļšුāļ§ āļ‹āļ´āˇ„ාāļģ āļ´ිāļ¯ුāļąු āļ¸ො⎄ොāļ­āļš්‌!

āļļāļģ්āļ§ි āļœුāļĢāļ­ිāļŊāļš āļšිāļēāļą්āļąේ āļĸෝāļšāļģ් āļšෙāļąෙāļš්‌ āļąො⎀ෙāļēි.
āļ”⎄ු āļœැāļšුāļģු ⎄ා⎃්‍āļēāļē āļ¸āļ­ුāļšāˇ… āļ…āļ­ිāļ¯āļš්‍⎂ ⎀ිāļšāļ§ āļąāˇ…ු⎀ෙāļš්‌. āļ’ āˇ€ිāļ­āļģāļš්‌ āļąො⎀ෙāļēි āļ”⎄ු ⎃āļ¸āļšාāļŊීāļą āļ¸ිāļ­ුāļģāļą් ⎀āļą āļ‡āļąāˇƒ්‌āļŊි, ⎃ැāļ¸ු⎀ෙāļŊ්āļŊāļ­් āļ‘āļš්‌āļš āļ¸ේ āļ¸ු⎅ු āļģāļ§āļ¸ āˇ„ිāļąāˇƒ්‌āˇƒāˇ€āļ¸ිāļą් āļšāļģāļ´ු ⎃ේ⎀āļē āļ…āļ­ි⎀ි⎁ි⎂්āļ§āļēි. āļēෑāļēි āļĸāļąāļ¸ාāļ°්‍āļē ⎄ා āļ´්‍āļģ⎀ෘāļ­්āļ­ි āļ…āļ¸ාāļ­්‍āļē āļšෙ⎄ෙ⎅ිāļē āļģāļšුāļš්‌⎀ැāļŊ්āļŊ āļ¸āˇ„āļ­ා āļ´ැ⎀ැ⎃ීāļē.

 



"⎁්‍āļģී āļŊංāļšා āļœු⎀āļą් ⎀ිāļ¯ුāļŊිāļēේ ⎀ිāļąෝāļ¯ āˇƒāļ¸āļē" āļ­ුāļŊිāļą් āļ¸ු⎅ු āļģāļ§āļ¸ āˇƒිāļąා ⎃ාāļœāļģāļēāļš āļœිāļŊ්⎀ූ ⎃ැāļ¸ු⎀ෙāļŊ්, āļ‡āļąāˇƒ්‌āļŊි, āļļāļģ්āļ§ි āļ­ුāļą් āļšāļ§්‌āļ§ු⎀ේ āļļāļģ්āļ§ි āļœුāļĢāļ­ිāļŊāļš āļąāļ¸්⎀ූ ⎀ි⎁ි⎂්āļ§ āļšāļŊාāļšāļģු⎀ා ⎀ෙāļąු⎀ෙāļą් ⎁්‍āļģී āļŊංāļšා āļœු⎀āļą් ⎀ිāļ¯ුāļŊි ⎃ං⎃්‌āļŽා⎀ ⎃ං⎀ිāļ°ාāļąāļē āļšāˇ… āļ‹āļ´āˇ„ාāļģ āļ´ිāļ¯ීāļ¸ේ āļ‹āļ­්āˇƒāˇ€āļēේāļ¯ී āļ…āļ¸ාāļ­්‍āļē⎀āļģāļēා āļ‘āˇƒේ āļ´ැāˇ€āˇƒීāļē.

⎁්‍āļģී āļŊංāļšා āļœු⎀āļą් ⎀ිāļ¯ුāļŊි ⎃ං⎃්‌āļŽා⎀ේ āļ†āļąāļą්āļ¯ āˇƒāļ¸āļģāļšෝāļą් āļ¸ැāļ¯ිāļģිāļēේ āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļ‹āļ´āˇ„ාāļģ āļ´ිāļ¯ීāļ¸ේ āļ‹āļ­්āˇƒāˇ€āļē āļ´ැ⎀ැāļ­්⎀ිāļĢි. āļ¸ෙ⎄ිāļ¯ී āļĸāļąāļ¸ාāļ°්‍āļē ⎄ා āļ´්‍āļģ⎀ෘāļ­්āļ­ි āļ…āļ¸ාāļ­්‍āļē⎀āļģāļēා āļ…āļ­ිāļą් āļ‹āļ´āˇ„ාāļģ āļ­ි⎅ිāļĢāļēāļš්‌ āļļāļģ්āļ§ි āļœුāļĢāļ­ිāļŊāļš āļ¸āˇ„āļ­ාāļ§ āļ´ිāļģිāļąāļ¸āļąු āļŊැāļļීāļē.

āļ‘⎄ිāļ¯ී āļ­āˇ€āļ¯ුāļģāļ§āļ­් āļšāļ­ා āļšāˇ… āļ…āļ¸ාāļ­්‍āļē⎀āļģāļēා āļ¸ෙ⎃ේāļ¯ āļšීāļē.

"āļ¸āļ¸ āļ´ුංāļ ි āļšාāļŊේ āļļāļģ්āļ§ි āļœුāļĢāļ­ිāļŊāļš, āļ‡āļąāˇƒ්‌āļŊි, ⎃ැāļ¸ු⎀ෙāļŊ් āļēāļą āļ¸ේ ⎀ිāļšāļ§ āļģāļĸ⎀āļģුāļą් āļ­ුāļą් āļ¯ෙāļąාāļœේ ⎀ිāļąෝāļ¯ āˇƒāļ¸āļē ⎀ැāļŠāˇƒāļ§āˇ„āļą āļœු⎀āļąිāļą් āļ‡āˇƒු⎀ා. āļ¸ේ ⎀ිāļąෝāļ¯ āˇƒāļ¸āļē ⎀ැāļŠāˇƒāļ§āˇ„āļą් āļ…⎄āļŊා āļ¸ං āļ´ුāļ¯ුāļ¸ාāļšාāļģ ⎀ිāļą්āļ¯āļąāļēāļš්‌ āļŊැāļļු⎀ා. āļ¯ේ⎁āļ´ාāļŊāļąāļēේ āļąිāļēෑāļŊෙāļ¸ිāļą් āļ…āļ´ āļ­ු⎅ āļšැāļšෑāļģුāļĢු āļ´ීāļŠāļąāļē āļ¸ේ ⎀āļœේ ⎀ි⎁ි⎂්āļ§ āļ‹āļ´āˇ„ාāļģ āļ‹āļ­්āˇƒāˇ€āļēāļšāļ§ āˇƒāˇ„āļˇාāļœි ⎀ී āļœāļ­ āļšāˇ… ⎃ු⎅ු āļ¸ො⎄ොāļ­ āļ­ු⎅ āļ¸ා⎃ āļœāļĢāļąāļš āˇƒැ⎄ැāļŊ්āļŊු⎀āļš්‌ ⎀ිāļąෝāļ¯āļēāļš්‌ āļ…āļ´ි ⎄ැāļ¸ෝāļ§āļ¸ āļŊැāļļුāļĢා.

"āļąූāļ­āļą āļģූāļ´āˇ€ා⎄ිāļąි āļ¸ාāļ°්‍āļē āļšāļŊා⎀ෙāļą් āļģූāļ´āļē āļ´ෙāļą්⎀āļą āļēුāļœāļēāļš āļœු⎀āļą් ⎀ිāļ¯ුāļŊි āļąාāļ§්‍āļēāļē āļ­ුāļŊිāļą් ⎀āļ āļąāļēෙāļą් āļ‡āļ­ි āļšāˇ… ⎄ා⎃්‍āļēāļē, āļ’ āļ­ු⎅ිāļą් āļŊැāļļූ ⎀ිāļą්āļ¯āļąāļē āļ…āļ­ි ⎁ේ්‍āļģ⎂්āļ¨āļēි. āļļāļģ්āļ§ි āļœුāļĢāļ­ිāļŊāļš āļšිāļēāļą්āļąේ āļ¯ුāļ§ු⎀ාāļ¸ āļ…āļ´ āļšාāļ§āļ­් ⎄ිāļąාāļēāļą āļ āļģිāļ­āļēāļš්‌. āļąāļ¸ුāļ­් āļ…āļ¯ āļĸෝāļšāļģ්āļŊා āļ¯āļšිāļą āļšොāļ§ āˇ„ිāļąාāļēāļąāˇ€ා ⎀āļœේ āļąො⎀ෙāļēි."

āļļāļģ්āļ§ි āļœුāļĢāļ­ිāļŊāļš āļšිāļēāļą්āļąේ āļŊේ ⎀āļŊāļ§ āļšා⎀āļ¯ිāļą āˇ„ා⎃්‍āļēāļē āļģ⎃āļē āļ¸āļ­ු āļšāˇ… āļ āļģිāļ­āļēāļš්‌. āļ­āˇ€āļ­් āļŠුāļ´්āļŊිāļšේāļ§්‌ āļļāļģ්āļ§ි āļšෙāļąෙāļš්‌ ⎄āļ¯āļą්āļą āļļැ⎄ැ. āļ­āˇ€ āļšෙāļąෙāļšුāļ§ āļ’ āļ āļģිāļ­āļēāļ§ āļ´āļĢ āļ´ො⎀āļą්āļą āļļැ⎄ැ. āļšො⎄ොāļ¸ āˇ€ුāļĢāļ­් āļ…āļ¯ āļ¸ේ ⎀ි⎁ි⎂්āļ§ āļšāļŊාāļšāļģු⎀ා āļ‡āļœāļēීāļ¸ āļ‰āļ­ා ⎀ැāļ¯āļœāļ­් āļ¯ෙāļēāļš්‌. āļ…āļ¯ āˇ්‍āļģී āļŊංāļšා āļœු⎀āļą් ⎀ිāļ¯ුāļŊිāļē āļ…āļąාāļœāļ­āļē āļēාāļēුāļ­ු āļ¸ාāļģ්āļœāļē ⎀āļ§āˇ„ා āļ¯ෙāļ¸ිāļą් ⎃āļˇාāļ´āļ­ි⎀āļģāļēා āļ‡āļ­ු⎅ු ⎃ේ⎀āļš āļ¸āļŠුāļŊ්āļŊ āļšāˇ… āļšාāļģ්āļēāļē āļœැāļą āˇƒ්‌āļ­ුāļ­ි āļšāˇ… āļēුāļ­ුāļēි.

āļ¸ෙ⎄ිāļ¯ී āļšāļ­ා āļšāˇ… ⎁්‍āļģී āļĸāļē⎀āļģ්āļ°āļąāļ´ුāļģ ⎀ි⎁්⎀⎀ිāļ¯්‍āļēාāļŊāļēේ āļ¸āˇ„ාāļ ාāļģ්āļē āļ­ි⎃්‌⎃ āļšාāļģිāļēāˇ€āˇƒāļ¸් āļ¸āˇ„āļ­ා āļ¸ෙ⎃ේ āļšීāļē.

āļ‘āļ¯ා āļœැāļ¸ි āļąාāļ§්‍āļēāļē āļ­ු⎅ āļœැāļšුāļģු ⎄ා⎃්‍āļēāļē āļģ⎃āļē āļ­ිāļļුāļĢා. āļąූāļģ්āļ­ි ⎄ා āļ§ීāļ§āļģ් āļąාāļ§්‍āļē āļšāļŊා⎀ේ ⎄ැāļ¸ āļąාāļ§්‍āļēāļēāļšāļ¸ āˇƒිāļ§ි ⎀ිāļšāļ§āļēා āļšāˇ…ේ āļ¸ේ ⎄ා⎃්‍āļēāļē āļ¸āļ­ුāļšāļģāļą āļ‘āļšāļēි. āļœැ⎄ැāļĢු āļŊෙ⎃ ⎄ැāļŗāļœāļ­්āļ­ු ⎀āļē⎃āļš āļ´ිāļģිāļ¸ි āļšෙāļąෙāļš්‌ ⎀ේāļ¯ිāļšා⎀āļ§ āļ´ැāļ¸ිāļĢ āļģāļŸāļ¯āļš්‌⎀āļą āˇ€ිāļ§ āļŊැāļļූ ⎄ා⎃්‍āļē āļģ⎃āļē āļ‰āļ­ා āļ‰āˇ„⎅āļēි. ⎃ි⎀āļ¸්āļ¸ා āļ°āļąāļ´ාāļŊ āļąාāļ§්‍āļēāļē ⎀ිāļšāļ§ āļģ⎃āļē āļ‰āļ­ා ⎄ොāļŗāļ§ āļ¸āļ­ු āļšāˇ… āļąාāļ§්‍āļēāļēāļš්‌. āļ´ැāļģැāļĢි āļąාāļ§්‍āļēāļē āļšāļŊා⎀ āļ­ු⎅ āļ­ිāļļුāļĢු ⎄ා⎃්‍āļēāļē āļ­ු⎅ිāļą් āļŊාāļļ ⎃ිāļąා⎀āļš්‌ āļąො⎀ ⎀්‍āļēāļš්‌āļ­ āˇƒිāļąා⎀āļš්‌ āļ¸āļ­ු⎀ුāļĢේ. āļ”⎀ුāļą් ⎃ිāļąāˇ„⎀ āļąිāļģ්āļ¸ාāļĢāļē āļšāˇ…ේ āļļුāļ¯්āļ°ිāļ¸āļ­්⎀āļēි. 1940-50 āļ¯āˇāļšāļēේ ⎃ිāļ§ි āļ´ැāļģැāļĢි āļąාāļ§්‍āļēāļšāļģු⎀āļą් āļŊෙ⎃ āļ‘āļ ්. āļ’. āļ´ෙāļģේāļģා, āļĸෝ⎂āļ´් ⎃ෙāļąෙ⎀ිāļģāļ­්āļą, ⎀ිāļą්⎃āļą් ⎀ීāļģ⎃ේāļšāļģ, āļ‘āļ ්. āļŠී. ⎀ිāļĄේāļ¯ා⎃, āļ‡āļŊ්Âĩ්‍āļģāļŠ් āļ´ෙāļģේāļģා, āļ‘āļŠී āļĸāļēāļ¸ාāļą්āļą āˇ„ැāļŗිāļą්⎀ිāļē ⎄ැāļšිāļēි. āļ’ āļ´āļģāļ¸්āļ´āļģා⎀ේ āļ­āˇ€āļ­් āļ´ුāļģුāļšāļš්‌ āļŊෙ⎃ āļļāļģ්āļ§ි āļœුāļĢāļ­ිāļŊāļš āˇ„ැāļŗිāļą්⎀ිāļē ⎄ැāļšිāļēි.

āļœු⎀āļą් ⎀ිāļ¯ුāļŊිāļēේ āļ…āļŊුāļ­ිāļą් āļąිāļģ්āļ¸ාāļĢāļē ⎀ුāļĢ āˇ€ිāļšāļ§ āļąාāļ§්‍āļēāļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„ා āļœු⎀āļą් ⎀ිāļ¯ුāļŊි āļˇා⎂ා⎀āļš්‌ āļļāļģ්āļ§ි, āļ‡āļąāˇƒ්‌āļŊි, ⎃ැāļ¸ු⎀ෙāļŊ් āļ­ුāļą් āļšāļ§්‌āļ§ු⎀ āļąිāļģ්āļ¸ාāļĢāļē āļšāˇ…ා. āļ’ āˇ„āļģ⎄ා ⎃āļ­්‍āļēāļē āļˇා⎂ා⎀āļš්‌ āļ¸āļ­ු āļšāˇ…ා. āļ”⎀ුāļą් āļ­ිāļ¯ෙāļąා ⎃āļ­්‍āļēāļē ⎀ූ ⎄ා⎃්‍āļēāļē āļ‹āļ­්āļ´ාāļ¯āļąāļē āļ¸ිāļąි⎃ුāļą්āļœේ āļ¯ුāļģ්⎀āļŊāļ­ා ⎀āļŊāļ¯ී ⎄ිāļąා⎀ෙāļą්āļą āˇ„ා⎃්‍āļēāļē āļ¸āļ­ු āļšāˇ…ා.

āļģූāļ´āļĢ āļ ාāļ­ුāļģ්āļēāļē āļ¯ැāļš්‌⎀ීāļ¸, ⎀āļ āļą āļŊි⎀ීāļ¸ āļ´āļ¸āļĢāļš්‌ āļąො⎀ āļ´්‍āļģ⎃ිāļ¯්āļ° āˇ€ේāļ¯ිāļšා⎀āļŊ් āļ´āˇƒු⎀ āļ†āˇ€ා. āļ”⎄ු āļģāļŸāļ´ෑ āļ†āļšාāļģāļē āļ¯ි⎄ා āļļැāļŊු⎀ාāļ¸ āˇ„ා⎃්‍āļē āļ‡āļ­ු⎅ාāļą්āļ­āļēෙāļą් āļ¸āļ­ු⎀ෙāļą āļœැāļšුāļģෙāļą් ⎃āļ¸ාāļĸāļēāļ§ āˇ€ි⎁ාāļŊ āļ¯ෙāļēāļš්‌ āļšිāļēා āļ¯ුāļą්āļąා. āļļāļģ්āļ§ි āļ´ුංāļ ි āļļāļļෙāļš්‌ āļŊෙ⎃ āļšāˇ… āļģංāļœāļąāļē, āļ¸āļąāļ¸ාāļŊ āļ´ෙāļąුāļ¸ āļ¸āļ­ුāļšāļģāļ¸ිāļą් āļšāˇ… āļģංāļœāļąāļē āļ…āļ­ි ⎀ි⎁ි⎂්āļ§āļēි. āļ”⎄ු āļ’ āļ āļģිāļ­āļē āļ­ු⎅ āļĸී⎀āļ¸ාāļą āļŊෙ⎃ āļĸී⎀āļ­් ⎀ෙāļ¸ිāļą් ⎀ි⎁ි⎂්āļ§ āļ…āļēුāļģිāļą් āļģāļŸāļ´ෑ⎀ා. āļ…āļ¯ āļšāļĢ්‌āļŠාāļēāļ¸āļš්‌ ⎀ිāļ¯ි⎄āļ§ āļ‘āļšāļ§ āˇ€ැāļŠ āļšāļģāļą්āļą āļļැāļģි ⎃āļ¸ාāļĸāļēāļš āļ¸ේ ⎀ිāļšāļ§ āļ­ුāļą්āļšāļ§්‌āļ§ු⎀ āļšාāļŊාāļą්āļ­āļģāļēāļš්‌ āļ­ි⎃්‌⎃ේ ⎄ා⎃්‍āļēāļē āļģංāļœāļąāļēේ āļēෙāļ¯ීāļ¸ āļ…āļ´ි ⎄ැāļ¸ෝāļ§āļ¸ āļ†āļ¯āļģ්⎁āļēāļš්‌ āļœෙāļą āļ¯ෙāļąāˇ€ා. āļ’ āˇ„ැāļ¸ āļąාāļ§්‍āļēāļēāļšāļ¸ āļ´ු⎅ුāļŊ් ⎀ු āļĨāļą āļ´āļģා⎃āļēāļš්‌ āļ­ිāļļුāļĢා.

āļļāļģ්āļ§ි āļœුāļĢāļ­ිāļŊāļš āļ‰āļ´āļ¯ුāļąේ āļ¸āˇ„āļąු⎀āļģ. āļ­āļģුāļĢ āļšාāļŊāļēේ āļ”⎄ුāļ§ āˇƒāļ¸ාāļĸ⎀ාāļ¯ී āļ…āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒ්‌ āļ­ිāļļුāļĢා. ⎀ාāļ¸ාං⎁ිāļš āļ…āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒ්‌ āļ­ිāļļුāļĢා. āļšො⎅āļšāļ§ āļ†āˇ€āļ­් āļ‘āļšāļ­ැāļąāļ§ āˇ€ී ⎃ිāļ§ිāļēේ āļąැ⎄ැ. āļ’ āˇ€ිāļ´්āļŊ⎀āļšාāļģී ⎃්‌⎀āļˇා⎀āļē āļąි⎃ා āļ´āˇƒු⎀ āļ”⎄ු āļœුāļģු ⎀ෘāļ­්āļ­ිāļēේāļ¯ āļąිāļēෑ⎅ුāļĢා. āļ”⎄ු āļ…āļ°්‍āļēාāļ´āļąāļēāļ§ āļ­ෝāļģා āļœāļ­්āļ­ේ āļšāļŊා āļš්‍⎂ේāļ­්‍āļģāļēāļēි. āļ”⎄ු 1950 āļ¯ී "āļļāļĢ්‌āļŠා āļąāļœāļģāļēāļ§ āļ’āļ¸, āļ¯ොāļ¸්āļ´ෙ āļ†āļēා", 1945 āļ¯ී "āļ¯ෙ⎄ි⎀āļŊ ⎄āļą්āļ¯ිāļē, āļąāļœāļģ ⎃ෝāļˇිāļąිāļē" āļ†āļ¯ී āļąාāļ§්‍āļē⎀āļŊ āļģāļŸāļ´ා āļ­ිāļļෙāļąāˇ€ා. ⎀ිāļšāļ§ āļąාāļ§්‍āļē āļšāļŊා⎀ේ āļ‹āļ­්āļ´්‍āļģා⎃āļē ⎃āļŗāˇ„ා āļąිāļēෑ⎅ුāļĢු āļ”⎄ු āļšාāļŊීāļą āļ‹āļ­්āļ´්‍āļģා⎃ ⎄ිāļąා⎀, āļŊාāļˇ āˇ„ිāļąා⎀ āļąො⎀ āļœැāļšුāļģු āļ‹āļ­්āļ´්‍āļģා⎃ ⎄ා⎃්‍āļē āļ¸āļ­ුāļšāļģāļą āļąāˇ…ු⎀ෙāļš්‌ ⎀ිāļ¯ි⎄āļ§ āļļāļģ්āļ§ි āļœුāļĢāļ­ිāļŊāļš āļ¸āˇ„āļ­ා⎀ ⎄āļŗුāļą්⎀āļą්āļą āļ´ු⎅ු⎀āļą්.

āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļ…āˇ€āˇƒ්‌āļŽා⎀āļ§ āˇ„ිāļ§āļ´ු āļ…āļœ්‍āļģාāļ¸ාāļ­්‍āļē āļĸ්‍āļēෙ⎂්āļ¨ āļ…āļ¸ාāļ­්‍āļē āļģāļ­්āļąāˇƒිāļģි ⎀ිāļš්‍āļģāļ¸āļąාāļēāļš, ⎁්‍āļģී āļŊංāļšා āļœු⎀āļą් ⎀ිāļ¯ුāļŊි ⎃ං⎃්‌āļŽා⎀ේ ⎃āļˇාāļ´āļ­ි ⎄āļŠ්⎃āļą් ⎃āļ¸āļģ⎃ිං⎄, āļ…āļ­ිāļģේāļš āļ…āļ°්‍āļēāļš්‍⎂ āļĸāļąāļģාāļŊ් āļ’āļģාāļąāļą්āļ¯ āˇ„ෙāļ§්‌āļ§ිāļ†āļģāļ ්āļ ි, āļ…āļ°්‍āļēāļš්‍⎂ āļĸāļąāļģාāļŊ් ⎃āļ¸āļą්āļ­ āˇ€ැāļŊි⎀ේāļģිāļē, āļąිāļēෝāļĸ්‍āļē āļ…āļ°්‍āļēāļš්‍⎂ āļĸāļąāļģාāļŊ් āļ¸āļēුāļģි āļ…āļļේ⎃ිං⎄, āļ¸ාāļ°්‍āļē⎀ේāļ¯ී āļ­ිāļŊāļšāļģāļ­්āļą āļšුāļģු⎀ිāļ§ āļļāļĢ්‌āļŠාāļģ, āļļුāļ¯්āļ°āļ¯ා⎃ āļœāļŊāļ´්āļ´āļ­්āļ­ි, āļ´්‍āļģ⎀ීāļĢ āļœීāļ­ āļģāļ āļš āļ…āļĸāļą්āļ­ා āļģāļĢ⎃ිං⎄, āļ¸āļģ්⎃ි āļ‘āļ¯ිāļģි⎃ිං⎄, āļļāļą්āļ¯ු ⎃āļ¸āļģ⎃ිං⎄, ⎃ුāļ¸ිāļą්āļ¯ āˇƒිāļģි⎃ේāļą āļēāļą āļ¸āˇ„āļ­්āļ¸ āļ¸āˇ„āļ­්āļ¸ීāļą්āļ¯ āˇ්‍āļģී āļŊංāļšා āļœු⎀āļą් ⎀ිāļ¯ුāļŊි ⎃ං⎃්‌āļŽා⎀ේ ⎃ේ⎀āļš āˇƒේ⎀ිāļšා⎀āļą්āļ¯, āļļāļģ්āļ§ි āļœුāļĢāļ­ිāļŊāļš āļ¸āˇ„āļ­ාāļœේ āļ¯ූ āļ¯āļģු⎀āļą්, āˇƒāˇ„ෝāļ¯āļģ āˇƒāˇ„ෝāļ¯āļģිāļēāļą්, āļģ⎃ිāļš āˇ„ිāļ­āˇ€āļ­ුāļą් āļ‡āļ­ු⎅ු ⎀ි⎁ාāļŊ āļ´ිāļģි⎃āļš්‌ āˇƒāˇ„āļˇාāļœි ⎀ූ⎄.


āļ´්‍āļģāļ¯ීāļ´් āļ´්‍āļģ⎃āļą්āļą āˇƒāļ¸āļģāļšෝāļą්, ⎃āļ ිāļ­්‍āļģ āļ…āļŊ්⎀āļŊāļœේ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´්‍āļģිāļēāļą්āļ­ āļ¸āļ¯්āļ¯ුāļ¸āļ†āļģāļ ්āļ ි

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